One of my layouts must have gotten corrupted somehow; all of the fields and images/text I had on it no longer show up. In fact, nothing shows up on this layout, and the layout name is blank on the left hand side of the FMPro window.

I've created a new layout from scratch without any difficulty, but can't do anything with this old layout. Clicking "Layout Setup" does nothing, and I can't add any parts, fields, etc., and hitting Ctrl-E does nothing.

Does anyone have any idea how to delete this layout?

If you suspect corruption (I think you're righht) do recover on the current file

It would be best to revert to a backup of this file in which the layout in question acts normally, then export data out of the corrupt file, and into the known good backup. Using a file that has been recovered or is known to have corruption is just asking for problems down the road.